Tainos - 1871 Words

Tainos: And their impact on the Caribbean Outline Thesis Statement: The Taino Indians, a unique group in Hispaniola, made many contributions to the Caribbean that are still shared and practiced in modern-day society. Introduction I. Background A. Definition of Taino B. Culture / Lifestyle II. History A. Housing / dress B. Food / agriculture C. Transportation III. Beliefs A. Religion B. Myth IV. Events A. November 18, 1493 B. November 19, 1493 Conclusion On December 6, 1492, Christopher Columbus landed at St. Nicholas, in Haiti (Hispaniola).†¦show more content†¦Each society was a small kingdom and the leader was called cacique. At the time of Columbus, there were five different kingdoms on the island of Hispaniola. The Indians practiced polygamy. Most men had two or three wives, but the caciques had has many as thirty. It was a great honor for a woman to be married to a cacique. She not only enjoyed a materially superior lifestyle, but also her children were held in high esteem. The Taino world, for the most part, had some of the appearance that the modern imaginations ascribe to the South Pacific Islands. The Taino used two primary architectural styles for their homes. The general population lived in circular buildings with the poles providing the primary support and these were covered with the woven straw and palm leaves. They were somewhat like the North American teepees except, they needed to reflect the warmth of the climate and simply used straw and palm leaves rather than being covered with the skins (Barreiro 8). The caciques were singled out for unique housing. Their house was rectangular and featured a small porch. Despite the differences in shape, and the considerably larger buildings, the same material was used. When the Africans came in the beginning in 1507, they introduced mud and wattle as primary building materials. In addition to the houses, the typical Taino village contained a flat court in the village that was used forShow MoreRelatedTaino and Kalinago1557 Words   |  7 Pages by Alan Gregor Cobely; pgs 23-30 TAINO AND KALINAGO RESISTANCE TO EUROPEANS According to recent archaeological evidence, the Kalinago were the last migrant group to settle in the Caribbean prior to the arrival of the Europeans in 1492. The Columbus mission found three native groups, of different derivation and cultural attainments, but all of whom entered the Caribbean from the region of South America known as the Guianas. These were the Ciboney, the Taino (Arawaks) and the Kalinago. The CiboneyRead MoreComparison: The Tainos, Mayans, and Kalinagos2048 Words   |  9 Pagesartic regions others Wandered southward through North, Central and South America, Evolving distinct physical and cultural characteristics. Three distinct groups developed societies in parts of the Caribbean and in Central and South Americas. The Tainos were located in Jamaica. Hispaniola, Cuba, Puerto Rico and some parts of the Bahamas and Trinidad. The Kalinagos in Grenada, Tobago, St Vincent, St Kitts and Nevis, Puerto Rico ,Hispaniola and Trinidad . The Mayans were located in Mexico, Belize,Read MoreAccess the Effects of the Spanish Settlement in Hispaniola on the Tainos During the 15th to 16th Century.2441 Words   |  10 Pagesas the Pearl of the Caribbean. Just like in the other colonies, the Tainos thought that the Spaniards were gods and welcomed them into their villages. Columbus believed that Hispaniola had gold and forced the Tainos to work in the mines. Columbus also made the Tainos pay the Spanish a tribute to satisfy both the Crown’s and the settler’s greed for gold, and to obtain food for his settlement. It was easy to take control of the Tainos as they assumed that if they pleased the ‘gods’ that they would beRead MoreTainos3304 Words   |  14 PagesWho are the Taino? The Taino (pronounced Tah-EE-no) were the first American Indigenous Peoples encountered by Christopher Columbus and other Europeans in the Caribbean Islands in 1492. The Taino are also the first Indigenous Peoples to be referred to as Indians (Indios) in the Western Hemisphere. The traditional territories of the Taino extended throughout the Greater Antilles, the Bahamas, and even the Southern tip of Florida. The word Taino means good people in their ancient languageRead MoreThe Life of Juan Ponce de Leon548 Words   |  2 Pagesof the Spanish conquest. He was probably looking to become wealthy from all of the gold in the Americas. Ponce de Leon may have been curious. It is a mystery whether or not he was looking for the fountain of youth. Ponce de Leon helped defeat the Taino indians. He was named governor of the province of Higuey, In 1503, Juan Ponce de Leon served as captain in a force commanded by Nicolas de Ovando. He was governor of Hispaniola at the time. There were many ru mors of great amounts of gold in what isRead More Christopher Columbus: The Villain Essay641 Words   |  3 Pagesthe west. In 1492 Columbus set out to find a shorter route to Asia by sailing west to get east. In his voyage he came upon the Caribbean Islands, and a Native American tribe called the Taino. When Christopher Columbus landed on the island of Hispaniola (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic) the Taino Indians were gentle and peaceful and traded with Columbus. Christopher Columbus took the Native Americans for granted he removed them from their home land and crammed as many of the Indians asRead MoreCaribbean History Sample Questions769 Words   |  4 Pageslived in the Caribbean before the arrival of the Europeans in 1492. (2 marks) ANSWER Tainos (Arawaks) and Kalinagos Caribs (b) Give two examples of the way of life before 1492 of any one of the groups named at (a) above (6 marks) ANSWER (Group Tainos) The cacique was the head of the Tainos society. The cacique was a hereditary title which passed down from father to son. Generally speaking, the Tainos practised monogamy. However, the cacique was allowed to practise polygamy (this was toRead MoreNot Celebrating Christopher Columbus Essay1370 Words   |  6 PagesIndians, also known as the Tainos, first settled on the island of Hispaniola in 2600 B.C. (Memphis Library) The name Arawak is actually a misnomer that resulted from people confusing the family language name with the name of the ethnic group. (Rouse) The Taino natives had been living off the islands for over 1,500 years and developed a set of strong values, consisting of generosity, kindness, and gentle personalities. Their culture was so intricate and multifaceted, and the Taino fed millions of peopleRead MoreIndigenous Tribes of Latin America1511 Words   |  7 Pagesportions of modern-day Mexico. The principal food of the Mayas was maize and maize pro duction was the central economic activity. The people indigenous to the Caribbean include a few groups. These groups include the Taino people, who live in what is now known as Puerto Rico. The Taino were seafaring people whose largest towns contained around 3,000 people each which were considered immense in those times. The Arawak people of South America began migrating northward along the many scattered islandsRead MoreEssay about 14921024 Words   |  5 Pageshelp them when they got hurt. On his trip when he arrived in Hispaniola the Taino people living on the island welcomed and were gentle with him and his men. When Columbus left the island he left forty of his men and those men raped and fought the Tainos after they helped them out.2 On his second trip Columbus set up a permanent colony and again his men raped, stole gold ornaments and food that provoked war with the Tainos. The Spanish killed tens of thousands out of population and the ones who did

The Shawl - 1050 Words

â€Å"The Shawl† â€Å"Don’t you think she lifted her shawl and flew?† Even though people can’t really fly, if one puts their mind to it, it just might be possible to figuratively take flight. However, without putting mind, body, and soul into it, it’s completely impossible. The perception of ‘I can do it’ directly correlates with the actual act of doing the impossible. Often times one’s attitudes, actions, and beliefs are influenced by those who have raised and mentored them. In the short story, â€Å"The Shawl,† Louise Erdrich declares that reality is dictated by perception and the only way to change one’s reality is to alter their perception. Aanakwad’s husband, the grandfather, had a negative perception of Aanakwad, which created a negative†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"I’d do some damage, I was sure of it. I’d teach him not to mess with me. I wanted to smack the living shit out of him. Kill him, if I must. † He refused to fall into the same trap and wicked pattern as his father. He was finally going to stand up for himself and create a life for himself and his brother and sister that was not constantly ruled by the glass being half full. He definitely had every right to be mad at his father, since his father was anything but that. However, it was hard to be mad at him when he didn’t even bother to fight back. â€Å"Suddenly, he was my father again. And when I knelt down next to him, I was his son.† The father put all the ugly perception behind him and ignored the past, in order to finally emerge with a sober voice. Both the son and the father came to the realization that there might be another way to interpret the story. â€Å"Did you know I had a sister once?† This line by the father is presented in such a way that the boy is given a chance to interpret it, form his own opinion, instead of having a negative one shoved down his throat like it was repulsive tasting cough syrup. A brighter reality emerged once a broader perception was taken on Aanakwad and the sister. â€Å"Some get away, like my brother and sister, married now and living quietly down the road. And me, to some degree, though I prefer to live alone. And even my father, who recently found a woman.† Releasing the shawl was a process of cleansing that allowed theShow MoreRelatedWho Introduced Innovations in the Kashmiri Shawl882 Words   |  3 Pagesintroduced innovations in the Kashmiri Shawl? After briefly discussing the genesis of the Kashmiri Shawls we will now try to explore another main aspect of this study that is who really transformed Kashmiri shawl industry. All the historical chronicles and travelogues have overstated the role of the Kings in the development of the Kashmiri shawls. Nowhere is the role of the local communities delineated. Almost all historians and scholars who have worked on shawls have consensus on the â€Å"fact† that allRead MoreEssay about The Function of the Shawl in Ozicks The Shawl1111 Words   |  5 PagesThe Function of the Shawl in Ozick’s â€Å"The Shawl† Suffering becomes a way of life for Magda, Stella and Rosa, as they struggle to survive during the Holocaust. During these trying times, some cling to ideals and dreams, while others find unusual vessels of hope – like the shawl – to perdure in their austere living conditions. Although the shawl becomes a source of conflict between Magda, Stella and Rosa in this narrative, it also serves as a pivotal force and a motivational factor. In Ozick’sRead MoreEssay about The Shawl591 Words   |  3 Pagestwo static characters whose lack of development throughout the story emphasizes the theme of overwhelming hopelessness. In The Shawl Rosa, her infant daughter Magda, and her fourteen year old companion Stella are Jews interned in a concentration camp during World War II. Amazingly the infant Magda has survived with her mother, hidden and protected in a shawl. If the Nazis ever learn of her existence she is certain to be killed. The Setting of this story sets the reader up for a sad story. JustRead MoreThe Shawl, By Cynthia Ozick1319 Words   |  6 Pagesleader of Germany, thought the Jews were the reason that Germany lost World War I (Jews in Nazi Germany- History Learning Site). Hitler blamed them for almost all of Germany’s problems and he wanted to exterminate the entire Jewish population. â€Å"The Shawl†, written by Cynthia Ozick, tells one of the many horrifying stories from the Holocaust. The story has three main characters: the young mother Rosa, her baby Magda, and her fourteen-year-old niece Stella. They were victims of the Holocaust who hadRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of The Shawl1882 Words   |  8 PagesIn the short story The Shawl by Cynthia Ozick, we are introduced to three characters who are facing death surrounding them in a concentration camp. We are introduced to Rosa, Stella and Magda. Rosa is the mother in the story of Magda, Magda is a young baby whose odds of survival is not very good. We are also introduced to Stella, who is a demon in the mind of Rosa. Stella represents the life that Rosa once had, one where she did not have a child and did not have to put someone’s life before themRead More Cynthia Ozicks The Shawl Essay2144 Words   |  9 PagesCynthia Ozicks The Shawl The plot of this story does not adhere to the conventional plot line. I feel that the Shawl’s plot came to early. Magda dies to early in the novel. I would have wanted her to be living just a little while longer so that we can build some sort of relationship with her. In my opinion, all we know of this fifteen-month-old baby is what Rosa tells of her daughter. Magda never lives long enough to see life through the eye of the reader. This takes away from a conventionalRead MoreWhat Is The Theme Of The Shawl By Cynthia Ozick701 Words   |  3 Pagesand Loss of Humanity in Ozick’s â€Å"The Shawl† It is human nature to strive for comfort, to seek ease in a burdensome situation. When deprived of this sense of comfort, as demonstrated by Cynthia Ozick in â€Å"The Shawl†, it is through the suffering that ensues in which humanity is lost. This is made evident in her sparse writing style, the duality of the setting, and the use of illusionary symbolism. Ozick exhibits a degree of sparsity in the style of which â€Å"The Shawl† is written that mirrors the dehumanizingRead More Comparing the Use of Setting in The Shawl and The Portable Phonograph859 Words   |  4 PagesUse of Setting in The Shawl and The Portable Phonograph  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   In literature, setting is often used to enhance or develop characters, provide realism, and create a mood or atmosphere for a story (Roberts 256). Two short stories, The Shawl by Cynthia Ozick and Walter Van Tillburg Clark’s The Portable Phonograph explore victims of war in the vivid settings that the authors have created. Although both works are vague as to geographic setting and place in time, the authors’ detailedRead MoreMotherhood And Symbolism In Cynthia Ozicks The Shawl794 Words   |  4 Pagesholocaust are conveyed well in the short story â€Å"The Shawl† as the author, Cynthia Ozick illustrates the horrific battle of motherhood and strife for survival they faced. Rosa, Ozick’s main character experiences an internal battle of nurturing her infant Magda and following her motherly instincts or fighting for her own survival. Magda another crucial character grips onto the ropes of life through the threads of the shawl but when she loses h er shawl she loses her life showing the harsh realities ofRead More`` The Shawl `` : A Devastating Story Centered On The Holocaust1113 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Shawl† is a very devastating story centered on the Holocaust. It is a story of determination, survival, and sacrifice. It is based on the experiences of Rosa, Stella the niece, and Magda; Rosa’s daughter. Rosa lives to tell her story of the events surrounding her daughter’s death. What we have learned about the Holocaust, especially the violence makes the story realistic, tragic and compelling at the same time. The shawl becomes a symbol of survival, protection, and comfort for all three characters

Beauty and Beast Free Essays

Beauty and Beast is a story of love, liberty, freedom, and identity in the society. It exposes the readers to a widower merchant living in his mansion with his six children, three daughters, and three sons. Even though the three girls are beautiful, the youngest, Beauty is the prettiest. We will write a custom essay sample on Beauty and Beast or any similar topic only for you Order Now She is equally kind and pure-hearted. The other two are selfish, spoiled and vain. In explicating the things that happen in the story, the author uses different literary tools to make the story electrifying while giving the readers an outlook that contrasts the inner beauty with the outer one (Warner, 1995). The stylistic devices are essential for the progression of the characters and development of the plot.The merchant finally loses everything at the sea. Live becomes challenging and the family moves to a farmhouse where they work for a living. As stated in the story, â€Å"Suddenly the merchant lost his fortune, and the only property he had left with was a small country house quite far from the city† (Zipes, 2005 pp. 806). From the statement, it is apparent that the life has taken a different twist for the family and it has to adjust to the new status to survive. Some years later, he gets the news that one of the ships that had sent off has landed on the port after escaping destruction. He then leaves for a journey to check on it but before leaving, he asks his children what they would want him to bring for them. The sons ask for weapons and horses, the oldest daughters’ requests for jewels and good dresses while Beauty is only comfortable with a rare rose.However, it does not ogre well with him as he finds out that his ship has been apprehended to settle his debts. He is left with no money to buy the gifts that he promised his children. While on his way returning home, he is lost in the storm and cannot trace his way home. He looks for shelter and bumps into an elaborate palace, where he finds tables with sufficient food and drink, which appears to have been left for him by an unknown person. He accepts the gifts and spends the night at the palace, but in the morning sees a rose and remembers to take it to her daughter, Beauty. That decision opens a bandura box for more challenges that force him to accept tough conditions for his safety. After plucking the rose, the Beast told him â€Å"You’re very ungrateful† he then added, â€Å"I saved your life by offering you hospi tality in my castle, and then you steal my roses, which I love more than anything else in the world. You shall die for this mistake† (Zipes, 2005 pp. 808). Life becomes tougher every moment for the merchant. The Beast makes a demand that he would only let him go if he would allow one of his daughters to return. Even though not happy about it, he has no otherwise than to accept the condition. The Beast gives him enough wealth, fine clothes, jewels, but tells him that Beauty should not know about their agreement (Warner, 1995). When he reaches home, he talked to his children. His sons are willing to go, but the merchant is unready to allow them to go. Beauty then agrees to go, and upon arrival, she is well received by the Beast who graciously tells him that she is the mistress of the castle and that the Beast would be her servant. Beauty spends three months in the castle but was troubled by the fact that every time before she goes to bed, the Beast would ask for her hand in marriage. She insists that she is only a friend, but not interested in getting married to him. She says, â€Å"I’ll always be your friend. Try to be content with that† (Zipes, 2005 pp. 812). At night, he dreams of a good-looking prince persuading her to accept the proposal. At first, she cannot comprehend the relationship between the prince and the Beast but later realizes that he is a captive in the palace. One major takeaway from the story is that even the dreadful people in the world also have something good out of him.Later, the Beauty gets sick and asks the Beast to allow her to go home to see her father. She agrees to get back soon, but while home, her sisters become envious and uses tricks to shed false tears after rubbing onions on his eyes. They do so to make her delay so that the Beast would get angry with her. She then feels guilty for having broken the promise she made to the Beast (Zipes, 2005). She uses the mirror to see him back in the palace but is horrified to see him heartbroken near the rose bush where her father had plucked her gift. She weeps over him telling him that she loves. Suddenly, the Beast is transformed into a handsome prince that she has always seen in her dreams. He narrates to her that he was turned into a beast by a fairy and that the only thing that could save him is finding a true love.To conclude, the story has a lot for the readers to learn and disinter. For instance, through Beauty, one can appreciate the character. The content of one’s character enables him or her to attract good things, including the lost fortunes. Through the Beast, one can appreciate that even the dreadful people have the other side of life that can be appreciated. Finally, even if the family was challenged and walked from grace to grass, through one good person, their glory could be restored. How to cite Beauty and Beast, Papers

Gathering Evidencee Essay Example For Students

Gathering Evidencee Essay Gathering evidenceThere are many different things to gather information from in a crime scene. One of the main things evidence is gathered from is guns and other firearms. This method is called bullet matching. When a bullet is fired from a gun, there are tiny microscopic scratches left on the bullet. Every gun is completely unique, and no two guns leave the exact same pattern on the bullet. Forensic scientists then fire a bullet, and compare it to the one found at the crime scene. If the two bullets match, then they know that gun was used to commit the crime. Another type of evidence is imprint evidence. Some examples of imprint evidence are shoe prints and tire prints. Tire prints can be especially useful. From a tire print, forensic scientists can gather enough information to tell which way they went, what kind of tires they have, and most importantly kind of car the person was driving. Of course, in order to gather all this information, investigators need to take photographs of the crime scene. First, they take a picture showing where the crime scene is, and take pictures of the areas around the crime scene. Next, they photograph the whole room in which the crime was committed. They take pictures of any possible evidence; like bullet holes, items dropped, or footprints. They also take pictures showing how big the evidence is, by putting a ruler next to the evidence and then photographing it. Video recorders are also used occasionally, to take long shots of the whole crime scene.

Was Socrates Wise About God Essay Research free essay sample

Was Socrates Wise About God? Essay, Research Paper Mary Garofalo Fr. Mohr October 18, 2000 Socrates? s Wisdom of God In this paper I will try to specify, for the reader, the true significance of wisdom and all of its parts. I will seek to explicate cognition and the knower versus the known. I will besides, effort to explicate precisely how a individual comes to be considered wise, as Socrates was. So, in truth, explain the Socratic method. Hopefully, by the clip the reader has finished this paper, he/she will hold a good appreciation on my ain sentiment of Socrates and besides, have a appreciation on the definition of wisdom and how it applies to Socrates. I will carry through theses undertakings by utilizing the plants of Plato, the Apology, the Crito and the Phaedo, in hopes to turn out my point. What is wisdom? The actual significance, or etymology of the word is rooted in the Indo-germanic words such as weid, woid, wid significance, ? to see? . We will write a custom essay sample on Was Socrates Wise About God Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The etymology of wisdom besides can be seen in the verb? humor? from German, which means, ? to cognize? ( Mohr, 3 ) . So, the etymology is excessively see and to cognize. This is the definition I will spread out on. Wisdom is a type of seeing. Sing means that the visionary and the object being seen are united. This brotherhood of the visionary or apprehender and the known or seen is Knowledge. Knowledge can be in relation to virtually anything where there is a brotherhood of the apprehender and the known. One can be the apprehender of Biology and he knows about life. He has knowledge about life. One can cognize psychological science and have knowledge about the human mind. But my inquiry is, are the Biologist and the Psychologist truly wise? ? Or do they merely have one type of cognition on one select topic? Take this analogy for illustration. A individual may hold a complete apprehension of how to sit a bike. They know all of the Torahs and the mechanics and the natural philosophie s of the full construct of siting a motorcycle. But they have neer tried to sit it ; to see it ( category notes ) . Do they have wisdom of how to sit a bike? I believe wisdom is knowledge, most decidedly. But, it is non that simple. I believe that in order for one to be considered wise, one must hold more than one type of cognition, such as the individual who knows how siting a motorcycle plant. That is what is called theoretical cognition. There are two types of cognition. Theoretical cognition is the cognition of how the cardinal Torahs of a state of affairs ( such as siting a bike ) work. There is besides a 2nd type of cognition. That is practical cognition. Practical cognition by definition is, a cognition of how to make something or life experience ( for illustration, being able to physically sit a bike ) . So, once more I ask, what is wisdom? Well, one portion of my ain definition is that wisdom is cognition of the practical every bit good as the theoretical. It is life experience every bit good as being able to understand and appreciate the Torahs and mechanics or basicss of a state of affairs. Another facet I believe is indispensable to wisdom is the ability to constantly inquiry one? s milieus. I believe that it is perfectly indispensable for one to first uncertainty, so inquiry, so pass on 1s thought. In this method, it is the chief aim to invariably seek for the truth in every state of affairs. The last facet that I believe is necessary to incarnate wisdom is a little more hard to explicate. It has to make with the statements supra, as in the changeless pursuit for truth. To lawfully be on a pursuit for truth one must make the followers: First, inquiry themselves. By making this, they will hold the ability to cognize themselves. In order for one to cognize him/herself, one must hold cognition of God? s being and ever-presence. By cognizing one? s ego and by cognizing God, one will hold a scruples, which will be the component of good judgement, decion devising and pureness of motivations. Now, the initial inquiry that has been argued for ages, was Socrates wise? ? As I had stated antecedently, to be wise is to cognize one? s ego, to cognize God through oppugning, therefore oppugning the truth. In the Apology, Socrates does merely that. His friend Cherephon went to the Oracle at Delphi to happen out if there was a adult male wiser than Socrates. The sacred prophet? s reply to this was that no adult male was wiser than Socrates. To this statement, Socrates was in incredulity. He said that he did non understand how this was possible, claiming that he was non wise because he knew nil except that he knew nil ( Apology, 22e-23b ) . He went out to turn out that the work forces most consider wise were genuinely wiser than himself. He inquiries three types of presumptively wise work forces: a poet, a craftsman and a politician. To each of these work forces, he found they had cognition of their specific country, flowery authorship, constructing things, and persuasive address ( Apology, 22a-c ) . But he found no secular truths with in them. Therefore, they had merely one type of cognition, either practical or theoretical, yet non both. Therefore, he concluded that they are non wise. So he proved the prophet correct. If Socrates was wise, he must hold known God. If the prophet was true, he was wise. Than all of his cognition and wisdom was from God. Therefore, he believed that he is inspired by God. Because he knew God and knew himself, the combination of the two were his scruples. His scruples told him non to take portion in political personal businesss of the province. He believed that God does non desire him to. He was on a mission from God. Therefore, he was being obedient to the God. ( Apology, 31c-32e ) . Besides, Socrates said he did non acquire paid for any of his doctrines. It was for the good of the psyche merely. He did non make it for money of to accomplish greater societal position ( Mohr, p.11 ) . He believed that halting his mission from God, intending non to pattern doctrine, would be existent cogent evidence that he was an aetheist, because he would be traveling against God? s program for him. Besides, Socrates? s actions show that he was wholly wise about God in his position of his ain pending decease. Socrates had the chance to appeal to the emotions of the jury by conveying in his married woman and kids. He chose non to make this. He believed that it was non in Gods program for him to populate. Therefore he did non seek to rip off decease. If he fears decease than he pretends to cognize what he does non cognize in presuming decease is evil. If he fears decease he disobeys God, stops his pursuit for the truth and Michigans loving, for God is love. He besides faced decease will no fright. Because if he does non fear decease than he would be able to obey God, continue quest and go on to philosophise ( category notes ) . He besides does non feign to cognize what decease is like because he said, ? it is known to no 1, except God ( Apology, 42a ) . ? In the Crito, Socrates? s near friend tried to convert him to salvage himself and get away from gaol. Socrates said that he will non get away from prison, even if he is held at that place as an guiltless individual. He said, ? Neither to make incorrect or return a wrong is of all time, non even to wound in return for hurt received ( Mohr, pg. 13 ) . ? Therefore, he refused to salvage himself. Even though Crito appealed to Socrates? s emotions, by stating he needs to be at that place for his boies, besides that Crito himself will lose a really beloved friend. But, this statement is to no help. Socrates believed that he was put here on the Earth for a ground, a mission from God. He believed that he must finish his mission. And by fearing decease, and get awaying from prison, he would non be carry throughing his mission. In the Phaedo, Socrates attempted to explicate to his friends why he was non afraid of decease. He said that to fear decease is feigning to cognize what you do non cognize. In making this he showed his devouring belief and wisdom of God? s program for him. His friends reminded him of Cebes statement. Socrates responded to Cebes statement that it is incorrect to take one? s ain life because we are ownerships of the God by stating that it would be wholly evil for him to resent decease if he was non certain that God wanted him to decease, so that he could travel to a topographic point where wiser, better work forces are in a wiser better topographic point ( Phaedo, 63a-c ) . And he said he believed that he was non deceasing in vain or that he was merely perpetrating suicide. He was deceasing so that he could go on philosophising. He was deceasing for communicating, love, cognizing God and cognizing himself and others. He called doctrine the pattern of decease. And that is precisely what it is. So, in decision, Socrates is wise about God. His actions proved that is so. He would non differ from God? s program from him in seeking to salvage his ain life. He knew that he was God? s gift and it was non in God? s program for him to go on to populate in this universe. He would hold ageless life in God. There he would be able to be in complete brotherhood with God, hence, he was called to finish wisdom. For being wise is cognizing God, cognizing one? s ego, cognizing LOVE and others. It was his bend to cognize love everlastingly with God. He communicated his inquiries and thought, hence practising Philosophy. He was genuinely wise.

assignment 2 Essay examples

assignment 2 Essay examples assignment 2 Essay examples SOUTHERN CROSS UNIVERSITY ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET For use with online submission of assignments Please complete all of the following details and then make this sheet the first page of each file of your assignment – do not send it as a separate document. Your assignments must be submitted as a Word document (i.e. .docx or .doc extension). If you wish to submit in any other file format please discuss this with your lecturer well before the assignment submission date. Student Name: Christian Boon Student ID No.: 22227878 Unit Name: Managing Organisations Unit Code: MNG10247 Unit Assessor’s name: Dr. Patrick Gillett Assignment No.: 1 Assignment Title: Workbook Due date: Wednesday, 12th November, 2014 Declaration: I have read and understand the Rules Relating to Awards (Rule 3 Section 18 – Academic Misconduct Including Plagiarism) as contained in the SCU Policy Library. I understand the penalties that apply for plagiarism and agree to be bound by these rules. The work I am submitting electronically is entirely my own work. Signed: (please type your name) Date: 12/11/2014 Managing Organisations (MNG10247) Assignment 1 tasks Place your answer in the spaces provided. To assist the marker, please use a blue font colour to identify your answers. Task 1. Limited details of a particular publication are provided below. Use the Library’s ‘OneSearch’ function to locate the publication and identify (i.e. insert) the missing information. (1 mark) Tip: don’t use the ‘Advanced’ search function but do not use ‘10th Ed’ as one of your search terms. Author: James A. O’Brien and George M. Marakas Title: Management Information Systems (10th Ed.) Publisher and their location: McGraw-Hill/Irwin Education, New York Year of publication: 2011 Task 2. Use the ‘articles’ search function on the library’s home page to locate the following paper: Strategic marketing and operations relationships: the case of the lean enterprise. Copy and paste the ‘Abstract’ section of the paper in the area below (i.e. before Task 3): (1 mark) Abstract: Commentators are increasingly suggesting that marketing may be suffering a 'mid-life crisis' and that marketing research and practice is stagnating and loosing corporate influence. In parallel, the management of operations is gaining increasing organisational attention and research prestige. One of the most influential of the new operational strategies is the lean enterprise, which proposes organisational design based around its own core principles, extending from raw materials to final consumer. In this paper, we investigate the short-comings of the value definitions contained within the lean enterprise, and propose that an opportunity exists for the strategic integration of marketing activities and lean operations to provide marketers with access to a tool kit for quality and efficiency improvements, whilst at the same time resolving shortcomings in the lean enterprise to improve organisational effectiveness in the marketplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Strategic Marketing is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) Task 3. With the limited information available, use the library database ‘Proquest’ to locate the following journal article and provide the missing information. Tip – use the ‘advanced search’ function. (1 mark) Authors: Saunders, Max, Mann, Robin and Robin Smith Title: Implementing strategic initiatives: a framework of leading practices Publication: International Journal of Operations & Production Management Year: 2008 Volume (Issue)

5 forces model on Qatar airways Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

5 forces model on Qatar airways - Assignment Example Qatar airways flies to 119 terminuses and travellers can connect from Doha to terminuses such as Bangkok, Maldives, Nairobi, Dubai, Cape Town, Colombo, Seychelles and Dar es Salaam. The airline controls 110 aircrafts including cargo aircrafts. It has various subsidiary companies including: United Media International, Doha International Airport, Qatar Aviation Catering Company and Qatar Aviation Services. Qatar Airways has employed more than 20,000 individuals (Tower, 2007). The airline has a high capital expenditure. This is because the costs of leasing and buying aircrafts are very high. Also, manpower, customer service, security and safety measures costs are very high. Moreover, there are other airlines that exist and have high consumer dependability and brand value (Tower, 2007). There is a lot of competition as every airline wants to tap into new terminuses, provide different services like better menues and increasing in-flight channels (Tower, 2007). Also, many airlines are utilizing the use of extensive marketing. The airline industry can be affected by the suppliers through their capabilities of reducing the quality of purchased goods and services or raising prices. Globally, the airline industry has limited suppliers, namely Airbus and Boeing. Thus the suppliers’ power is very high due to the limited suppliers having a control on the market. This is because the products manufactured by these suppliers have a huge demand (Tower, 2007). Qatar airways has high performance standards, including customer service, security and safety. The airline has broad marketing strategies in building a strong brand. It also provides unique services, provides different customer oriented services concerning luxury and convenience (Tower, 2007). Qatar airways has a hub that is developing properly and has brand new aircrafts in improving the confidence of their customers. Marketing and brand building can make Qatar airways to increase its brand (Tower, 2007). The

Promotional Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Promotional Strategy - Essay Example In order to maximize sales volume and reach as many customers as possible, the company will aim to use more of a ‘pull’ promotional strategy (Lamb, Hair & McDaniel, 2008), in tandem with the ‘push’ strategy which will be more subtle. The aim is to entice the end users to pull the EJ’s Innovation and More product from the manufacturer or the distributor into their homes. Sales promotion in the first phase of the campaign will be extensive but will be monitored closely. As this represents a cost that can be controlled, if the response of the customers is more than expected in certain cities or areas, sales promotions will be curtailed in those regions.  Pull Strategy With this strategy, the company is hoping to reach a massive audience, as has been defined previously. Strategies will include heavy television, radio, print, online and billboard advertising, especially in the major cities all over the U.S. The special features of EJ’s Innovations and More laptops and PCs such as touch-screen would be very creatively, yet simply, advertised to the customers. Special contests would be advertised online and in print which would allow every ten thousandth customer to get a lap top or PC with any five additional features of his choice. Similar tactics will continue throughout the campaign to attract new customers to the product. The company has plans to invest in trade advertising and incentives to encourage support businesses to push the new range of laptops

Response papers week 9 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Response papers week 9 - Assignment Example Cochran and Kleiner (1992) suggest that the employees should be informed of the progress, achievements and failures of the organization, and how the new goals will mitigate its failures and boost its achievements. This way, the employees will be motivated to support the company in its new direction instead of resisting and working toward its failure. As a team of employees and their manager, they will also be able to clearly assess how the new goals are helping them to achieve the mission of the organization. Immediate appraising and reprimanding is critical in ensuring that the people involved adequately associate them with their actions and respond as expected. Adequate and immediate appraising encourages an emulation of the same by others and a continuation of the same by the person appraised. However, this should be done in such a way that the employees are comfortable. Otherwise, it will fail to encourage high performance in the organization. Apart from reprimanding immediately, managers should do it in a way that will clearly indicate that the reprimand was directly related to their mistake, and not hidden personal agendas. Some people think that workplaces are â€Å"all seriousness environments† and having fun at work is a sign that people are not working. Unfortunately, this is not always the case. We should maintain ourselves from the wears and tears just as we maintain the machines we use. Giles (2012) explains that not having fun at work breeds a pool of over-stressed, professionally dissatisfied, and lowly motivated employees. This is a sign of a poor work environment. Evidently, such employees work slowly and so their average production is low. The issue of making the workplace environment fun and exciting, therefore, deserves adequate attention and should be intentionally introduced because of the significant time people spend in their workplaces. This way,

Usage Involved The Area Of Simple Present English Language Essay

Usage Involved The Area Of Simple Present English Language Essay This report was compiled to examine Simple Present Tense (SPT) use with beginner ESL students, aged 7-10 years old, attending Primary school. Ideally class sizes consist of 5-10 students, all L2 learners. The purpose and structure of SPT is highlighted. SPT differences with other languages and SPT difficulties faced by ESL students are outlined. SPT activities from introductory lessons through to higher proficiency have been discussed. Definition of Simple Present tense: The tense of a verb that expresses action or state in the present time and is used of what occurs or is true at the time of speaking and of what is habitual or characteristic or is always or necessarily true, that is sometimes used to refer to action in the past, and that is sometimes used for future events (Merriam-Webster, 2003, pg.982). These are not so much the meanings of the simple tenses themselves as the meanings which they gain in particular contexts. It is only the tense plus the context which can be said to express a certain temporal or aspectual meaning such as repetition, habit, or generality. The tenses themselves do not carry such specific meanings. If they did, then context would not be necessary for interpreting the time reference of a verb (Pennington, 1988, pg.). Simple Present tense is used to discuss: Repeated actions and express the idea that an action is usual. The action can be a hobby, a daily occurrence, a scheduled event or something that happens regularly e.g. I play soccer. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do e.g. She never goes on holidays. Habitual is a common term used to describe the meaning of this term, which has come under scrutiny. What constitutes habitual action is determined completely by experience, and not at all by language especially not by the tense of the verb (Pennington, 1988, pg.53). Facts or generalisations It indicates that the speaker believes that a fact was true before (past), is true now (present), will be true in the future e.g. Spiders have eight legs and is timeless. It is also used to make generalizations about people or hings e.g. Vanessa is boring (Pennington, 1988, pg.53). Past and Future events Simple present is used to talk about the past or future and is described in a very immediate way, bringing the past or future into the present, including them as part of the present reality of the speaker and the hearer. As pointed out by Brown and Levinson (1978), shifting to the present tense is a way to show deference and positive regard towards the hearer, making a good story which pulls [the hearer] right into the middle of the events being discussed, metaphorically at any rate, thereby increasing their intrinsic interest; (p. 111). (Pennington, 1988, pg.52) http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplepresent.html Structure of Present Simple sentences I base He You form She verb + S We of It They verb (+) Subject + verb + (+) Subject + verbS + (-) Subject + DONT + verb + (-) Subject + DOESNT = verb + (?) DO + subject + verb + (?) DOES + subject + verb + (WH)WH Q + DO + subject + verb +.. (WH) WH Q + DOES + Subject + verb + WHO + verbS WHO + verbS (Singalovski, 2008) Spelling When you add S to the verb you have to pay attention to spelling. 1. think + s 2. catch + es When the verb ends with s, sh, ch, x, z or o we add es. 3. stay + s fry Æ’Â   fries (Singalovski, 2008) Description of differences between English and Korean Korean language is spoken by 60 million people in North and South Korea. With an additional 5 million emigrants speaking the language worldwide in China, Japan, North America, and the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Renaud, 2002, pg.1). The phonetic system, the syntactic structure, and semantics between English and Korean differ so greatly that the transition from one language to the other requires enormous efforts from the learner. More specifically, in relation to simple present tense, Korean learners typically struggle with the following disparities: In English, the word order is SVO (subject-verb-object), while the basic pattern of a Korean sentence is SOV (subject-object-verb). Although Korean has case-marking morphemes to designate the cases of the nouns and shows a more flexible word order, the predicate always comes at the end of a sentence (Cho, 2004, pg.33). In Korean the subject of the sentence is left out if it can be implied by the context, whilst in English, sentences need explicit subjects (Worldlingo, 2011). In Korean language new words are created by combining simple words, without changing their form (agglutinative). Words are created by adding suffixes to the basic part of the word (stem). Suffixes attached to a verb stem indicate things such as verb tense (past, present, or future), verb aspect (complete, repeated, or continuing), and honorification (marking of the relative status of the person addressed to or referred to from the speaker or addressers point of view-an elder, a stranger, a close friend) (Renaud, 2002, pg.4). In English the following third person pronouns are commonly used he, she, it, her, him (singular) and they, them (plural) . In Korean there are two third person pronouns used, male and female; the female form sounds awkward, and is mostly used when translating texts. Korean originally had only one third person pronoun for both genders, meaning it. However it has increasingly been interpreted as a male pronoun used for both genders. Although in recent years the pronoun the female counterpart is slowly gaining ground due to the influence of translations from European languages, it is almost restricted to specific styles of written language, because Korean generally uses subject less or modifier + noun constructions (Worldlingo, 2011). Generally forms used to denote third person in Korean are not separate lexical items, but rather are formed by combining the demonstrative pronouns i = this, ku =that and ce =that (over there), with bound nouns. The deictic use depends on the distance between the referent and the speaker. They indicate respectively, close proximity, middle proximity and distant proximity (Iksop, Ramsey, 200, pg.90,91). In Korean verbs in the present tense do not take -s in the third person singular. Korean learners of English commonly fail to ensure there is subject-verb agreement, by missing inflected endings in writing and speaking (Cho, 2004, pg.33). Many Koreans repeat the question-answer format of Korean negative questions when communicating in English. To the question, Didnt you like it? English speakers answer either, Yes, I did or, No, I didnt, whilst Koreans generally respond either Yes, I didnt like it, or No, I liked it. Native English speakers are generally perplexed by Koreans amalgamation of positive and negative elements of discourse. Korean students also experience fossilization problems when attempting to express conditionals, indirect questions, rhetorical questions and hypothetical statements, as a result of first language interference (Cho, 2004, pg.33). Clearly, the difficulties Korean learners have in learning English are not limited to just Koreans. Students of any nationality may experience difficulties due to language difference, culture gaps, and the discrepancy between their language ability and their overall maturity(Cho, 2004, pg.36). . . Difficulties simple present tense poses to learners Parrott (pg.195, 2010) and Wee (pg.35, 36, 2009) outline the subsequent issues, as characteristic and typical difficulties learners face with simple present tense. Omitting third person s / Omitting auxiliary verbs Errors of omission consist of the omission of compulsory elements in tense or number markers such as the omission of the grammatical morphemes. These include the omission of -s/-es/-ies for the verbs after the third person singular in the simple present tense. The copula be verb is often omitted in the simple present and simple past well as the progressive tenses (WEE, 2009, pg.351). Addition of Unnecessary Elements Unnecessary elements that are present result in errors of addition, for example, the use of redundant tense markers. Students may put -s,-es,-ies markers after the verbs that follow the plural nouns/pronouns in the simple present tense or redundantly put the -ed marker in cases where it is not necessary, for example, cuted, puted (WEE, 2009, pg. 352). Double Marking Double marking occurs when two items are marked for the same feature such as tense, for example, My neighbour doesnt likes Mary. or The thief didnt ran away when I shouted. Students may redundantly add -s, -ed or -ing forms to the verb after a modal which should be followed by the base form of a verb (WEE, 2009, pg. 352). Incorrect tense choice Errors of misformation occur when students choose the wrong forms of the words in place of the right ones. These commonly happen in cases of subject-verb agreement, for example, The men was here last night. The wrong tense may be used, for example, the use of the past tense forms to express present or future time or the use of the present tense forms to refer to past actions (WEE, 2009, pg. 352). Questions and Indirect Speech Students are often confused when they use reported questions or indirect speech resulting in the occurrence of errors of ordering. This means that the correct elements are wrongly sequenced, for example, They asked me where was the girl. Students face a lot of difficulties in using the phrasal verbs and may produce sentences like I pick up her. or I phone up him. (WEE, 2009, pg. 352) Questions and negative forms Errors arise from several possible general sources, namely interlingual errors of interference from the native language, intralingual errors within the target language, the sociolinguistic context of communication, psycholinguistic and cognitive strategies, along with countless affective variables (Brown,1980: 66). Level students are taught simple present tense and through which contexts and topics. Effectively teaching simple present tense verbs to ESL students helps to build a strong foundation for their use of the English language. The simple present tense is usually the first verb tense ESL students are taught (Teaching ESL to Adults). Students learn best when they feel safe yet challenged, when responses are accepted yet extended, and when expectations are realistic yet high. Teachers can assist by teaching explicitly within context and providing varying levels of support as students become increasingly independent and how it changes in different situations (BOS NSW, 2000, pg.8). ESL learners need an explicit, methodical and planned language program that is integrated into their general class work in all key learning areas, and that takes into account their needs and development (BOS, NSW, pg.13). English language teachers have changed, or are changing, from a traditional approach to teaching formal grammar rules to a more communicative approach to teaching how to use grammar meaningfully in context. Communicative approaches to presenting grammar usually include a focus on meaning and use as well as form. Grammar can be taught in many ways there is no best way that suits all grammar points (Gardener, 2008, pg.39). Students are introduced to simple present tense at school (K-6) through numerous curriculum topics English, Human Society and Its Environment (HSIE), Science and Technology. Students use specific text types to practice usage of simple present tense. Each text type uses different language and grammatical features. These features are outlined in Table 1.2. This table indicates primary use of simple present tense in Report writing. In addition, Parrot (2000, pg.190), identifies past narratives and commentaries as other instances in which the simple present tense is also used. Reports and narratives are focus texts (structure, grammar and context) in the English K-6 syllabus. Grammar is used as a tool to help students understand how sentences are structured so that they are meaningful, clear and syntactically accurate (BOS NSW, pg.9). Reports are also commonly used in the following Key Learning Areas (KLAs) HSIE Significant events and people, Cultural Diversity (BOS NSW, 2006) and in Science and Technology Living Things, Earth and Its Surroundings (BOS, 1993, pg.10). The HSIE and Science and Technology syllabus highlight activities that essentially require the use of language. Students use language to pose questions, clarify ideas and communicate understandings (BOS, 1993, pg.27). Describe activities you could use for simple present tense The way in which the verb tenses are introduced can make the structure of the English Language easier for the students to understand. Whereas pre-teen and early teen children learn a language by listening and repeating what they hear, without any need to think about grammar, this facility seems to fade as everyone gets older. The older a student is the more he or she will want to analyze the structure or learn using rules. Unfortunately many rules for the English language have exceptions sometimes many exceptions (Stocker DG, 2011). Activities in a b require more direct, explicit instruction through discussion, modeling and controlled activities. Whilst c requires more implicit instruction and allows students to apply knowledge of tense in meaningful ways, through less controlled activities. Activities are conducted independently, in pairs and as a whole class, using verbal, auditory, visual, written and kinesthetic activities. Activities are implemented across all KLAs in the NSW K-6 curriculum. Introducing simple present Introductory activities- Define simple present tense to students, the structure and forms which it can take (positive, negative, yes/no, questions -wh) and when it is used. Focus on frequency adverbs, spelling and pronunciation. This can be done through discussion, asking questions and modeling. Students are taught as a whole class but also independently asked to give answers. Introductory activities need to be introduced over a series of lessons and each concept is taught independently of the others e.g. positive and negatives not taught with plurals. In between each topic follow up activities presented in b and c can be implemented. Activities Simon Says, Guessing Games What animal am I ?, Verbal Show and Tell, Songs Wonderful Tonight (Eric Clapton) Practicing and consolidating in controlled circumstances Worksheets -unscrambling sentences, cloze passages, short answer questions, changing negatives to positives, changing singular to plural. Such worksheets can be found at http://www.eslprintables.com/printable.asp?id=248248. Writing Report writing using simple present tense, using their prior knowledge of simple present tense and report writing. Teacher discusses structure and language features with students as whole class. Students are given an outline and topic and are able to construct in pairs. Routines students write their daily routines. Directions students give directions to a designated location. GAP Activities Interactive whiteboard Teachers can access interactive whiteboard activities using DET Portal, through TALE. The preceding links provide suitable simple present activities that reinforce initial concepts taught. https://portalsrvs.det.nsw.edu.au/learningobjects/Content/L10347/object/content/index.html https://portalsrvs.det.nsw.edu.au/learningobjects/Content/L10346/object/content/index.html These activities consist of short stories, followed by supporting activities to enforce the concepts being discussed. Lessons can be implemented using a combination of individual or whole class approaches. Freer practice of the aspect of language Interactive computer games- The British Council have designed this language website for K-6 students. It includes interactive games, songs, videos and short stories to assist students in developing an awareness of simple present tense. Each of these activities is supplemented with worksheets and visual arts activities. Activities can be found at the following web address: http://learnenglishkids.britishcouncil.org/en/category/language-focus/grammar-present-simple This website allows students to work at their own pace, requires minimal teacher direction and gives students instant feedback, all whilst learning through an enjoyable medium. There are numerous educational websites, however each should be thoroughly assessed for appropriateness, quality and curriculum standards. Board Games- The preceding websites provide printable board games. http://www.eslhq.com/worksheets/preview_worksheet.php?worksheet_id=26329 http://www.ihbangkok.com/!new/resources/present-simple-board-game.pdf Each game is supported with teacher reference notes. Each game concentrates on a different form of simple present tense. Students work together in small groups of 2 or 3. The questions in the templates can be altered, so that students are answering meaningful questions and to avoid repetition. The aforementioned activities are a small sample of activities that could be used to teach simple present tense. Multiple activities can be sourced from the internet, textbook and colleagues then manipulated and altered to suit the needs of individual students. These activities allow for both informal and formal assessment to take place and allow the teacher to continually evaluate students progress.

The History of Hysteria Essay -- Exploratory Essays

The History of Hysteria W. Somerset Maugham’s The Moon and Sixpence is essentially a novel about a man’s struggle to free himself from the restrictions of society and to act out his most passionate desire--to paint. However, Maugham’s novel is also a story of its time and therefore reflects popular theories and ideas that were prevalent at the time of its writing. Included in these ideas is Hysteria, mentioned clearly when the narrators describes the doctor’s view of Blanche’s attempt to kill herself as â€Å"just a hysterical woman who had quarreled with her lover...it was constantly happening. (Maugham 123). The following will describe the development, symptoms and treatment of Hysteria. Hysteria, considered a â€Å"neurotic illness† (www.a2zpsychology.com/a2z%20guide/hysteria.htm) was considered a disorder in which a person, usually a woman, exhibited physical symptoms yet no physical cause could be found. Coming from the Greek for â€Å"uterus,† or â€Å"hysteria,† Hysteria was thought to be related to the uterus or an altered menstrual cycle. Hysteria’s symptoms were many, but the most notable included â€Å"inappropriate elation or sadness† (www.healthlibrary.com/reading/ncure/chap94.htm), excessive laughing or crying followed by an abrupt return to a normal state, fainting, panic, paralysis, cramps in the body and a â€Å"sense of constriction of the throat.† (www.healthlibrary.com/reading/ncure/chap94.htm) The French doctor Jean-Martin Charcot, a pioneer in the field of psychiatry in the mid-nineteenth century, insisted that there were four stages to a â€Å"full hysterical attack:† 1. Tonic Rigidity 2. Clonic spasms and grand movements 3. Attitudes passionelles, or vivid physical representations of one or more emotional states 4. Final delirium-... ...n appreciates† (SOURCE) and Hearst’s magazine urged husbands to purchase them as Christmas gifts to â€Å"keep their wives young and pretty and free from Hysteria.† However, as Freud initiated a new type of thinking in the psychiatric world, vibrators fell out of use and were replaced by more â€Å"modern† cures such as psychoanalysis. While hysteria is no longer a medical condition, it is important to note its effect both on the medical world and the steps it took to cure it as well as the effect it had on women and their standing in society. SOURCES FOR MORE INFORMATION: www.healthlibrary.com/reading/ncure/chap94.htm This web site provides a very complete description of the history, causes, symptoms and cures for Hysteria. Also, for further reading, try Charlotte Perkins Gillman’s The Yellow Wallpaper and Other Short Stories, available from Penguin Publishers.

How to Choose a Good Book Essay

When adults select books for children, we want to pick out good ones. The problem is, we’re not always sure what a â€Å"good book† means and just tend to choose be beneficial and desirable for young readers. We forge ahead, sometimes unaware of how we use to determine what is â€Å"good.† Adults choose the books according to a standard- a criteria that we may not be aware exactly why we make our choices, considering the biases we respond to most: The lessons the books teach, those large colorful illustrations, the absence of harshness, scariness and swearing, the simple vocabulary used, the familiar content presented to the schema of the child and the political correctness it has to offer in which are sometimes narrow and misguided, a reason to be a problem within how they choose. For some people however, it is a necessary thing to consider on how readers respond to a certain book in order to recognize whether it is â€Å"good† or â€Å"not†. However this raises the different perspectives presented upon the books since all people think in different ways. How the readers are attracted to a book depends on the rationalizing ability of their minds regarding a topic. Therefore considering a fact that the â€Å"goodness† of a book depends on how the reader comments upon it. The quality of the book is reflected from how a critical analysis evaluates the book’s style and language, character, plot, setting, theme, tone, point of view, illustrations, mood, pacing, design and layout, and accuracy. All of which are important to consider. Critics focus mostly on how words are chosen and arranged, unique and believable techniques of characterizations, the total outcome of the story as the conflict takes place, and how the author strategizes upon the manipulation of the readers’ imagination to make the emotional reality true. The taste of how readers choose a genre of a story is also varied. For one thing, the multi-awarded Wind in Willows is judged to be quality literature  for children as it delineates the four main characters, contains satisfying action sequences and is told in a rich, varied language. However, some children tend to not find themselves engrossed in the story when they tried to read it. Goosebumps books on the other hand had won no literary awards and yet thousands of children sail through the series and report that each Goosebumps story is a good book, disregarding also the fact that some adults may think that children that read such formulaic, shallow stories should at least feel shame for doing so. In the end, the question of â€Å"good book† does not depend on awards it claimed, titles that have proven themselves overtime and the highest sale figures. The only list we can trust without reservation is our own.

Accounting Environment Essay

Learning Outcomes At the end of this chapter the students should be able to: ?Explain the meaning and purpose of accounting ?Describe the role of accounting as a information system ? Describe why accounting is considered as the language of business ? Assess the impact of external environmental factors on accounting Introduction Accounting has evolved and emerged as most other fields of human activity in response to the social and economic needs of society. Today accounting is moving away from its traditional procedural base, encompassing record keeping and related activities towards the adoption of a role which emphasizes its social importance. In this context, this introductory chapter of the course manual deals with the definition of accounting, use of accounting as an information system and the language of business, users of accounting information and the impact of external environment on accounting. Definition of Accounting The question what is meant by accounting has not been answered precisely. Instead there are many definitions on accounting. Some of these definitions are considered in this section to identify the purpose and functions of accounting. The Committee on Terminology of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) formulated the following definition on accounting in 1941. Accounting is the art of recording, classifying and summarizing in a significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which are, in part at least, of a financial character, and interpreting the results thereof. This definition of AICPA, USA has been quoted for many years. However, it defines accounting only from the point of view of what it does. Hence, it does not clearly establish the purpose of accounting. On the other hand, the following definition provided by the American Accounting Association (AAA) in 1961 emphasizes the broader perspective of accounting. This definition focuses on accounting as an aid to decision-making. Accounting is the process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to permit informed judgements and decisions by users of the information. In 1970, AICPA of USA provided the following definition on accounting with reference to the concept of information. The term ‘quantitative information’ used in this definition is wider in scope than financial or economic information used in previous definitions. Accounting is a service activity. Its function is to provide quantitative information primarily financial in nature about economic activities that is intended to be useful in making economic decisions. Both definitions of AAA and AICPA show that accounting is considered not merely with record keeping. Instead it involves with a whole range of activities. These two definitions emphasize on using accounting information for decision making purposes. Both internal parties of an organization (e. g. managers) and outside parties (e. g. owners, creditors, government) use accounting information in making decisions that affect the organization. Although these definitions have looked at accounting from different perspectives, they have been able to set the boundary of accounting. They have established the nature of accounting and the purpose for which it is used. Hence, based on these definitions, it can be said that accounting is primarily concerned with the provision of information to various stakeholders of an organization to be used in decision making. Accounting as an Information System AAA definition on accounting implies two phases: (1) identifying and measuring economic information and (2) communicating economic information to users (stakeholders of an organisation) for decision making purposes. These two phases show that accounting acts as an information system in an organisation. The accounting process involves recoding and processing of transactions and events of an entity that had occurred during a specific period of time, and communicating the information relevant to processed transactions and events to aid decision-making of various users of accounting information. As an information system, accounting links an information source or transmitter (preparer/s of information), a channel of communication (financial and other statements/reports) and a set of receivers (users of information/stakeholders of an organization). The Figure 1 shows how accounting functions as an information system in business and economic decisions. In the accounting system, transactions and events are the input and the statements of reports given to decision-makers are the output. Figure 1 Accounting as an Information System in Business and Economic Decisions Data Source: Lal, J. (2005), Corporate Financial Reporting: Theory and Practice, second edition, Taxmann Allied Services (Pvt) Ltd, New Delhi. Accounting as the Language of Business Accounting is often called the language of business because it is considered as the main mean of communicating information about a business. This reference to accounting as the language of business is observed by Ijiri (1975) as follows: As the language of business, accounting has many things in common with other languages. The various business activities of a firm are reported in accounting statements using accounting language, just as reported news events are reported in newspapers, in the English Language. To express an event in accounting or in English we must follow certain rules. Without following certain rules diligently, not only does one run the risk of being misunderstood but also risks a penalty for misinterpretation, lying or perjury. Comparability of statements is essential to the effective functioning of a language whether it is in English or in Accounting. At the same time, language has to be flexible to adapt to a changing environment. A language broadly has two components: symbols and rules. In accounting too, these two components are available. In accounting, numerals and words, and debits and credits are accepted symbols and they are unique to the accounting discipline. The rules in accounting refer to the general set of procedures followed in creating financial information for an entity. Anthony and Reece (1991) draw a parallel between accounting and language as follows. Accounting resembles a language in that some of its rules are definite whereas others are not. Accountants differ as to how a given event should be reported, just as grammarians differ as to many matters of sentence structure, punctuation and choice of words. Nevertheless, just as many practices are clearly poor English (language), many practices are definitely poor accounting. Languages evolve and change in response to the changing needs of society, and so does accounting. Users of Accounting Information There is an array of users (or stakeholders) who make use of accounting information for decision making. These user groups include present and otential investors, managers, employees, lenders, suppliers, customers, analysts, media, government, and the general public. However, with the broadening of the accountability of organizations, they are accountable to a large group of stakeholders, some of them not clearly known or identified by the organizations. These users can be broadly categorized as internal and external users of accounting information. The term ‘internal u sers’ refers to parties within an organization that make decisions directly affecting its internal operations and this category usually includes managers and employees of an entity. All other users can be grouped under the term ‘external users’, which refer to parties outside the organization that make decisions concerning their relationship to the organization. These two major classifications of users have led to a distinction between two main areas of accounting: financial accounting and management accounting. The primary concern of financial accounting is to provide information to external user groups. On the other hand, the management accounting is primarily concerned with the provision of information to internal user groups. These users have diverse information needs. However, among these diverse needs too, there are common information needs. The financial statements of an entity that provide information about its financial performance, financial position, and changes in financial position address these information needs common to all users. As these financial statements are prepared to meet the information needs of a cross-section of users, they are known as common-purpose (general-purpose) financial statements. However, these financial statements do not provide all the information that users need to make decisions since they largely portray the financial effects of past transactions and events. The responsibility to prepare and present financial statements lies with the management of an entity. As general-purpose financial statements meet the information needs of users who are unable to command the preparation of financial reports of an entity, the government has imposed regulations to govern these financial statements. These regulations are intended to protect the public interest. External Environmental Factors influencing Accounting The pace and change in external environmental factors have a profound influence on business organizations and the way in which they are managed. These factors could be social, economic, political, legal or technological. Accounting, as the language of business and its information system is also affected by these changes. The changing conditions in the external environment have confronted accounting with a number of challenges that should be recognized, accepted and addressed to ensure its relevance and usefulness. This has made accounting to change and grow over the years to meet social requirements and to guide business and industry requirements. Thus, understanding accounting requires understanding the environment within which accounting operates and which it is intended to reflect. The society has been subjected to political, social, economic and technological change. These changes have resulted in globalization, the rise of informed and selective customers, the development of information technology and etc. These changes in the external environment factors are reflected in business organizations through the shift in business types and cost profiles, increase in strategic decision making and greater emphasis on survival. The changing conditions within business organizations lead accounting to change in order to meet the new requirements resulted from these changes. The areas requiring changes in accounting include selection of data, information processing, dissemination of information, role of accounting standards, assumptions and perspectives of accounting, and uses and impact of accounting information. Thus, today’s rapidly changing environment is forcing accounting to reassess its role and function both within the organization and society. Although challenges imposed by different environmental factors on accounting could be discussed separately, they should be viewed from a holistic perspective. This is because the power of potential improvement lies in the cohesion of the changes rather than in individual items. The changing conditions in the business environment will shape the future for accounting. The environment within which business and accounting function operate has become increasing complex. One of its characteristic features is that many social, economic, political, legal and technological influences that create continual change in that environment and these in turn impact on accounting and its product, accounting information. However, it is sometimes criticized that accounting has not been able to keep pace with this changing conditions in the external environment. Summary This chapter provides an overview of accounting based on its nature and purpose, users of accounting information and impact of external environment on accounting. The primary objective of accounting is to provide information that can be used by the stakeholders of an organization (users of accounting information) in making their decisions. These decisions could have a bearing on the resource allocation process in the country and thereby on the economic growth and development of the country. However, the role and functions of accounting cannot be considered in isolation from the social-political-economic context within which it is operating. The rapidly changing external environment is posing many challenges to accounting and it needs to adapt to these changing conditions. This requires a continual process of renewal and improvement in accounting. References American Accounting Association (1966), A Statement of Basic Accounting Theory, AAA. American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) (1941), Review and Resume, Accounting Terminology Bulletin, No. . American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) (1970), Basic Concepts and Accounting Principles underlying Financial Statements of Business Enterprises, Accounting Principles Board Statement No. 4, Anthony, R. N. and Reece, J. S. (1991), Accounting Principles, Richard D Irwin. Ijiri, Y. (1975), Theory of Accounting Measurement, Research Report, No. 10, AAA. Lal, J. (2005), Corporate Financial Report ing: Theory and Practice, second edition, Taxmann Allied Services (Pvt) Ltd, New Delhi.

Strategic Thinking Analysis Essay Example

Strategic Thinking Analysis Essay Example Strategic Thinking Analysis Essay Strategic Thinking Analysis Essay The main theme of the movie is to show the different idealisms of the life in the Americas during the early centuries of industrial development. Most likely, getting a job has been a struggle during those times, making the main character [played by Will Smith] experience deep depression when he was left by his wife with their son for him to bring up. The clear picture of describing how the life in America was like during those years actually made it possible for the movie to capture the interest of the viewers. The determination of the father to continue assisting his son and himself as well to be able to survive the challenges is what makes this movie strong, powerful and continuously relative to the situations that people at present face as they particularly deal with the situations presented to them by the present world systems. The Presentation of the Theme: As mentioned earlier, the movie talked about serious issues that dealt with economic hardships and how human behavior actually attests to the fact that the said challenges could be dealt with through the application of ample determination and self-trust that could primarily be derived from an individual’s strong wanting of surviving the tests that they are facing at certain times. Most of the parts of the movie showed how a father tried to survive for his son despite the fact that they did not have any stable place to stay in. The scenes were much touching especially considering the fact that the father shows much interest on how his son is being cared for amidst all the odds that they had to face as a team. Later on, his efforts paid off and finally got both of them [the father and son] a decent place to stay in and a fine life they could live with The presentation of the film’s theme could strongly be considered rightful on the part of the serious situations that some people are still living with today. It is undeniable that people today sees a lot of opportunity to be able to survive the tests of life. However, without the individuals’ determination to struggle through the different tests presented to them, although there are the opportunities present in the society, surviving life may not be that easy to pursue. The movie shows the importance of being strongly inline with the ambition that he has for him and his family with regards the things that he does in order to reach the said aspirations he has in life. Television versus the Big Screen: In my opinion, I could say that the movie presentation is better done in the big screen. The idea is that the emotional display of the characters as presented in the movie becomes more obvious in comparison with that of the presentations made through the television programs. Most likely, in my view, I have been more affected by the theme of the movie when I first watched it in big screen than when I saw the movie in the television. The intensity of the emotional display becomes more real through the obvious presentation of the facial expressions, better sound system and better lighting processes as seen in big screen than in television set-ups. Movie versus the Printed Novels: The presentation of emotional intensity is much obvious in the movie set up. The novel however makes it easier for the reader to take note of the situation through the imagination thus making it easier for them to make possible thoughts on how the situation actually happens which also makes it easier for the readers to relate easier to the kind of life that the characters are dealing with in the story. The advantage however of the movie based presentation is that the situation could still be intensified by the lighting effects as well as with the rightful application of sound within the background of several important scenes within the movie. Hence, in this regard, it becomes much easier for the watchers of the movie to actually catch the theme of the story as the movie is being played. Whereas, in books, usually, catching the theme of the movie is done in a longer time since the reading process becomes more intensified as it proceeds further through the length of the story. Conclusion: It is undeniable that the advantage of the movie presentation from the printed novels could only be identified through the discretion of the individuals trying to get the information they want through whichever process they prefer. The idea is that the understanding of the theme or the main idea of the presentations as per noted by the authors or the writers of the stories is based upon the preferences of the individuals. Reference: Thomas Elsaesser. (2002). Studying Contemporary American Film: A Guide to Movie Analysis. A Hodder Arnold Publication. nbsp;

Does Ethnicity Impact on the Way We Experience Music Essay

Does Ethnicity Impact on the Way We Experience Music - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that as a social practice music plays a significant role in the process of constructing national and regional identities and the concept of ethnicity. It has acknowledged vital attention in recent ethnomusicological and other sociological studies. One can find that the study is directly pertinent to the requirements of researchers and professionals in music, musicology, ethnomusicology and social anthropology. Generally, music is considered as the most highly planned human expressions, and it can summarize a social, cultural or ethnic group’s common beliefs and ideologies with a better clarity. The multifaceted music of African-American and Latin traditions proffers a unique opportunity to demonstrate the vibrant relationship between music and culture. Correlation between music and black ethnicity often reveals the changing nature of black ethnicity and various musical styles as they replicate cultural identity. Cultural identity and ethnicity in Sakha are connected with its Pop Music and African –American identity and lifestyle have an obligatory relationship with their music.

Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Government - Essay Example This would politicize the entire education system since the appointed education leaders have to act in favor of the governor’s preference, but not in accordance with the people’s desire. An independent state elected board such as Texas Board of Education should play the role of overseeing and managing the education in states. This will help in bringing positive tension in the education system since the board will carry out its functions with independence from the political leaders such as the governors (Robelen, par. 4). I agree that governors are probably correct when they say that individuals look at them as the leaders of a state’s education system. Governors are usually involved in the leadership of the entire state, which implies that the governor acts as the head of education leaders of a state. Hence, he has to take part indirectly in the leadership of a state’s education. I have an opinion that decision making in education must be depoliticized. De-politicization of decision making in the education helps in the implementation of education policies through considering nonpolitical influence, which develops the education

Micro Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Micro - Assignment Example According to Samuelson and Temin the opportunity cost of a choice is determined by the next best choice, and for many allocations, opportunity cost is measured by monetary value (Samuelson and Temin, 1976, p.20). Hubbard and Brien write that choices are costly thus the need for an alternative that will incorporate the scarce resources (Hubbard and Brien, 2006, p.8). Choices have both the implicit and explicit. Explicit costs are which monetary value is lost i.e. the sacrifice of the choice is paid out in monetary value. On the other hand, implicit costs are costs for which there is no monetary value in the choice made. The principal forfeit in this cost is time. According to Douglas the cost of production of any product is estimated in terms of what is foregone (Douglas, 1994, p.171). The concept of opportunity cost is best illustrated by production possibility frontiers. A PPF demonstrates the probable combination of two products e.g. let us consider a firm in UK producing computers and mobile phones. When it uses all its resources, it can produce 6.8 million computers and 50 million mobile phones. Computer (m) Mobile Phones (m) 84 0 80 1 70 3 60 5 50 6.8 40 8.2 35 8.8 20 10 5 11 Production Possibility Frontier Opportunity cost will lead to trade off in the choices of consumers and a comparative advantage in countries. A trade off entails a forfeit made to obtain a certain good. The output increases when countries specialize in the goods and services they have absolute advantage. For example let us consider UK and country B-producing motor cars and trucks. Maximum production Max Output U.K. Country B Cars 60 45 Truck 40 20 Employing all the resources U.K. can produce 60 million cars and 25 million trucks, while country B can produce 45 million cars and 20 million trucks. It is therefore right to say that U.K. has an absolute advantage in producing both goods, but it has comparative advantage in producing trucks since it is 2 times better at producing them than country B, whereas it is 1.3 times better in producing cars. The concept of opportunity comes in production of products by countries. Countries that produce goods using few resources at low opportunity cost have a high comparative advantage in producing those goods. However, comparative advantage ignores costs and assumes there are no diminishing returns (Hubbard, p.101). Effect of change in price of disposable hospital gowns in U.K Change in demand Price P=p* p=p1 DD 2 DD 1 output A decrease in the price of disposable hospital gown in the United Kingdom results to an increase in demand from DD 1 to DD 2. Supply remains the same in this case. Change in demand and supply due to change in market SS 1 p SS 2 P=p* DD 2 DD 1 Y1 Y2 Y3 Quantity A change in the price of hospital gowns will result to an increase in demand. An increase in demand results to more production as firms try to meet the increased demand. This result to change in the equilibrium price (McGraw-Hill, p.58). Market equ ilibrium shows the relationship between market demand and market supply. There is competitive and Nash equilibrium. Profit is the variation between revenue and costs. In economics profit denoted as П is the differentiation of marginal revenue and marginal cost i.e. П = TR-TC. High revenues translate to high profits if the production cost is low. Usually a company tries to maximize profits

Visa Company Essay Example for Free

Visa Company Essay Internet shopping is just one of the many types of â€Å"Shopping from Home† (Trading Standards Service, New Jersey, p. 1). The convenience of shopping online had encouraged shopping for airline tickets, computer hardware, books and even stocks and mutual funds. In the United States studies in 1997 showed that Americans spend as much as $5 trillion annually (Strategies Group Inc. , 1998). In another study, Visa Company estimates that 30% of Internet users, corresponding to 18.3 million shoppers will have to shop online in 2002, which mean that it will triple the 1997 figures (Visa, 1996). Visa also found that 25% of Internet users in 2002 have visited websites for shopping purposes while 12% have undergone banking transactions. Relative to percentage of internet shoppers by age group, Strategies Group Inc. estimates that 77% of consumers ages 25 years and below are willing to shop online while 67% pertains to consumers ages 26 to 34 (Strategies Group Inc. 1997). Technology and the globalization trend has made even shopping more convenient to people. These factors have influenced much of the shopping behaviors of consumers and Internet shopping is not an exemption. Several other factors include the following: (1) experience in conventional in-home shopping methods, (2) internet experience, (3) work in the computer branch, (4) convenience factors, (5) uniqueness of the product sold in the Internet, (6) perceived risk and (7) the desire of consumers to experiment (Yankelovich Partners 1996). Aside from these factors, there are studies that show some other factors that are somehow related to the consumer’s Internet shopping behaviors. Time and internet experience according to Network Wizards influence internet shopping behaviors stating that online shoppers are frequently people who spend more time over the Internet or those people who regard Internet surfing as a habit (Network Wizards, 1996). TAKING THE RISKS OF INTERNET SHOPPING The convenience and fun of Internet shopping have corresponding risks that consumers must take and must seriously consider. Because Internet shoppers are required to give their personal information such as name, address, phone numbers, credit card numbers and even Social Security Number (SSN), shoppers are at risk of fraud and identity theft. Our main concern in this paper is to trace back the processes that Internet shoppers undergo before the actual purchase of the product in order to find out where is the loophole located. There have been studies and surveys including criminal records that prove fraud and identity theft to be true. Surveys provided by the Privacy Rights Organization revealed that there are about nine million victims of this crime each year. Studies also show that there are various ways criminals have been using in order to steel one’s identity. They can acquire personal information such as SSNs, driver’s licenses, credit card and ATM numbers including birthdates, addresses and phone numbers that they use to spend the victims’ money without permission. This is done through the process of impersonation. There are two types of identity theft: Account takeover and application fraud (Privacy Rights Clearing House, 2007). Account Takeover happens when the criminal â€Å"acquires your existing credit account information and purchases products and services using either the actual credit card or simply the account number and expiration date. † On the other hand, Application Fraud (true name fraud) happens when the criminal opens new account in your name using your personal information he acquired somewhere. There are several ways by which personal identifications are stolen by these criminals. The website of the Privacy Rights Clearinghouse has provided the following information relative to the most common methods by which one’ identity is stolen. One way is called Dumpster Diving wherein criminals may come as scavengers who fish for unshredded credit cards, loan applications and other documents containing personal information such as SSNs in trash bins. Criminals may also steal mails by unlocking mailboxes. They may also other documents in the mailboxes such as issued credit cards and other documents containing vital information relative to one’s identity. Shoulder Surfing can also be one way wherein criminals can acquire PINs by looking over your shoulders while doing business on ATM booths. Finding identifying information on Internet sources, via public records sites and fee-based information broker sites are ways wherein criminals acquire personal data but they remained unnoticed. Criminals also send email messages that look like they are from your bank, asking you to visit a web site that looks like the banks’ in order to confirm account information. This is called phishing. Take note that of the five methods enumerated above, two are related to the use of the Internet. This therefore suggests that Internet shopping, using the fact that the process requires the use of personal identification numbers, is risky. It is therefore important that each Internet user, especially shoppers, have knowledge on the risks of Internet shopping. Moreover it is important that they too have at least the basic knowledge of Internet and email security information. WHAT SHOPPERS SHOULD KNOW ABOUT INTERNET SECURITY There is basic security information that every shopper should be aware about the Internet. Take note that this information is required by websites who are into the business of online retailing. The terminologies that we are going to discuss are defined and described based on the information provided by the Office of the E-Envoy (Security Tips: Beginners’ Guide to Computer Security). One should learn the importance of a password. A password is a code which the website asks in order to have an individual and exclusive access of the site and the account you have created. Passwords may either be a series of numbers, letters or a combination of both. It is basic and a requirement that such password is a secret code that should be exclusively revealed between the user and the company and therefore should not be disclosed or shared to anyone else. A Security Lock Layer (SSL) is a software tool which ensures that information sent to or from a website cannot be viewed during transmission. It uses a public and private key encryption system. Another security tool common in the Internet is the Padlock. There are cases wherein the Internet user comes across with a padlock (a figure displayed as in a real padlock) displayed in the browser. A padlock in the browser suggests that the website is secure since they are using the SSL software. A site in the padlock therefore means that the information you are transferring from your computer to the operating system of the website offers the assurance that they cannot be intercepted by anyone during the transferring process. Each shopper is also advised to look consider only secure browser when doing online shopping. A secure web browser complies with the standard technical security protocols. This compliance gives the website visitors the assurance that the information they provide to the site cannot be viewed by unauthorized persons. Secure web browsers necessarily has the padlock symbol which when double clicked will reveal a â€Å"digital certificate† which confirms that the site is authentic. Needless to say, Internet shoppers should always shop only on authentic websites. Remember that â€Å"phising† is one of the many ways you can be fooled by imposters.

Role of Institutional Investors in Corporate Governance

Role of Institutional Investors in Corporate Governance CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE Corporate governance paradigm is based on the argument of Berle and Means (1932) that separation of ownership and control leads to the problems associated with agency theory so that the managers of a company may not act in the best interest of owners. Throughout the twentieth century, the pattern of ownership continued to change from declining individual ownership to increasing institutional ownership. So, it is not surprising that institutional investors are increasingly looking more carefully at the corporate governance of companies because good governance goes hand in hand with increased transparency and accountability. Many studies have been conducted to see the impact of institutional holdings on corporate governance. Some researchers contend that substantial holdings by institutional investors and corporate governance are significantly correlated while others argue the absence of such a relationship. Evidences are also inconclusive on whether institutional investors invest in good governed companies or their holdings improve the governance practices. The role of institutional investors is visualized in two perspectives, the corporate governance and the firm performance. The present chapter covers the empirical studies on the above issues as institutional holdings and corporate governance, institutional holdings and firm performance, corporate governance and firm performance with special emphasis on the studies conducted in India on the above aspects. The present submission seeks to evaluate the impact of institutional holdings over corporate governance and firm performance by constructing governance score and taking various measures for firm performance. Various studies have focused on different aspects/levels of ownership and their effects on firm performance. As a result, various arguments have been put forward both in support and against the notion of the effects of ownership structure on the firm performance. While some researchers denied the direct correlation between ownership structure and firms economic performance while the others argued that there exists such a relationship for certain. Amongst those who establish such causality, some provide evidence that there is a negative relationship, while others plead a positive relationship between the two. Studies have also been carried to determine a link between varied aspects of corporate governance and firm performance; evidence in this regard too appears fairly mixed. There has been extensive literature to document a positive relationship between the two, based on identified individual aspects of corporate governance and firm performance whereas others do not find any conclusive evidence in this regard. Prepositions put forwarded by the researchers in this context are being reviewed here as under in the perspectives identified above: 2.1 Institutional Holdings and Corporate Governance Coombes and Watson (2000)1 on the basis of a survey of more than 200 institutional investors with investments across the world showed that governance is a significant factor in their investment decision. Three-quarters of the investors say that board practices are at least as important as financial performance. In fact, over 80% of the investors in the survey stated that they would pay more for the shares of a well-governed firm than a poorly governed firm with comparable financial performance. The survey indicated that the premium these institutional investors would be willing to pay varied by country, with premiums being higher in Asia and Latin America (where financial reporting is less reliable) than in Europe or the U.S. Bradshaw, Bushee and Miller (2004)2 indicated that firms whose accounting methods conform to U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles have a greater level of investment by U.S. institutional investors. They found further that increases in conformity with U.S. GAAP are positively associated with future increases in U.S. institutional investment, but that the reverse does not hold (i.e., increases in U.S. institutional ownership are not associated with later changes in accounting methods). The authors attributed this relation to home bias rather than better transparency (and corporate governance) however; their results are also consistent with the latter interpretation. Chung, Firth, and Kim (2002)3 hypothesized that there will be less opportunistic earnings management in firms with more institutional investor ownership because the institutions will either put pressure on the firms to adopt better accounting policies or they will be able to unravel the earnings management rule so it will not benefit the managers. They found that when institutional investors own a large percentage of a firms outstanding shares, there is less opportunistic earnings management (i.e., less use of discretionary accruals). Hartzell and Starks (2003)4 provided empirical evidence suggesting institutional investors serve a monitoring role with regard to executive compensation contracts. First, they found a positive association between institutional ownership concentration and the pay-for-performance sensitivity of a firms executive compensation. Second, they reported a negative association between institutional ownership concentration and excess salary. One implication of these results, consistent with the theoretical literature regarding the role of the large shareholder, is that institutions have greater influence when they have larger proportional stakes in firms. Parrino, Sias and Starks (2003)5 indicated that those firms that fired their top executives had a significantly greater decline in institutional ownership in the year prior to the CEO turnover than firms experiencing voluntary CEO turnover (even after controlling for differences in performance). These results support the hypothesis that institutional selling influences decisions by the board of directors-increasing the likelihood a CEO is forced from office. This implies that boards care about institutional trading and ownership activity in their firms. Further, the authors found that larger decreases in institutional ownership are associated with a higher probability of an outsider being appointed to succeed the CEO. This result suggests that directors are more willing to break with the current corporate management and institute change. They also noted that there are several potential effects when institutions sell shares. First, heavy institutional selling can put downward pressure on the stock price. Alternatively, institutional selling might be interpreted as bad news, thus triggering sales by other investors and further depressing the stock price. Finally, the composition of shareholder base might change, for example, from institutional investors with a long-term focus to investors with a more myopic view. This last effect might be important to directors if the types of institutions holding the stock affect share value or the management of the company. Cremers and Nair (2005)6 stated that the interaction between shareholder activism on behalf of institutional investors and the market for corporate control is important in explaining developments in abnormal equity returns and accounting measures of profitability. Davis and Kim (2007)7 found that mutual funds with conflicts of interest (based on management of pension assets) more often vote with management in general. On the other hand, mutual funds have more incentive and power to oppose management in firms in which they have a larger stake. McCahery, Sautner and Starks (2008)8 have relied on the survey data to investigate governance preference of 118 institutional investors in U.S. and Netherlands. The study found that the majority of institutions that responded to the survey take into account firm governance in portfolio weighting decisions and are willing to engage in activities that can improve the governance of their portfolio firms. Brickley, Lease and Smith (1988)9 found evidence supporting the hypothesis that firms with greater holdings by pressure-sensitive shareholders (banks and insurance companies) have more proxy votes cast in favor of managements recommendations. Moreover, firms with greater holdings by pressure-insensitive shareholders (pension funds and mutual funds) have more proxy votes against managements recommendations. The authors differentiated between the different types of institutional investors, noting the difference between pressure-sensitive and pressure-insensitive institutional shareholders and arguing that pressure-sensitive institutions are more likely to â€Å"go along† with management decisions. The rationale is that pressure-sensitive investors might have current or potential business relations with the firm that they do not want to jeopardize. Maug (1998)10 noted that institutions use their ability to influence corporate decisions are partially a function of the size of their shareholdings. If institutional investor shareholdings are high, shares are less marketable and are thus held for longer periods. In this case, there is greater incentive to monitor a firms management. However, when institutional investors hold relatively few shares in a firm, they can easily liquidate their investments if the firm performs poorly, and therefore have less incentive to monitor firm performance. Almazan, Hartzell and Starks (2003)11 provided evidence both theoretical and empirical that the monitoring influence of institutional investors on executive compensation can depend on the current or prospective business relation between the institution and the corporation. They concluded that the monitoring influence of institutions is associated more with potentially active institutions (investment companies and pension fund managers who would be less sensitive to pressure from corporate management due to lack of potential business relations) than with potentially passive institutions (banks and insurance companies who would be more pressure-sensitive). Marsh (1997)12 has argued that short-term performance measurement does work against the active monitoring by institutional investors. The performance of fund managers is evaluated over a shorter time period. Hence, they act under tremendous pressure to beat some index. So, when they find a case of bad governance, they find it economical to sell the stock rather than interfere in the functioning of the company and incur monitoring costs. Denis and Denis (1994)13 found no evidence to suggest that there is any relationship between institutional holdings and corporate governance. They stated that if companies that create shareholders wealth are the ones with poor corporate governance practices, and then one really cannot blame the institutional investors for having invested in such companies. For, after all, a fund manager will be evaluated on the basis of stock returns he creates for the unit holders and not on the basis of the corporate governance records of the company he invests the money in. If however, one finds that companies with poor corporate governance practices are the ones, which have consistently destroyed shareholders wealth, then the contention that the institutional investors need not look at corporate governance records cannot be justified. David and Kochhar (1996)14, provided empirical evidence regarding impact of institutional investors on firm behaviour and performance is mixed and that no definite conclusions can be drawn. They argued that various institutional obstacles, such as barriers stemming from business relationships, the regulatory environment and information processing limitations, might prevent institutional investors from effectively exercising their corporate governance function. Agrawal and Knoeber (1996)15 found little evidence of an association between total institutional ownership and other possible control mechanisms (e.g., insider ownership, block holders, outside directors, CEO human capital, and leverage). Payne, Millar, and Glezen (1996)16 focussed on banks as one type of institutional investor that would be expected to have business relations with the firms in which they invest. They examined interlocking directorships and income-related relationships, and noticed that when such relations exist; banks tend to vote in favor of management anti-takeover amendment proposals. When such relations dont exist, banks tend to vote against the management proposals. Leech (2002)17 is of the view that many institutional shareholders do not seek control of a company for a variety of reasons, which include the fear of obtaining price sensitive information, and that it is more likely that institutional investors seek only influence rather than complete control. Moreover, it has also been argued, in line with the â€Å"passive monitoring† view, that institutional investors may not be keen to â€Å"exit† on their investments â€Å"i.e. sell their equity stakes when the firm is not performing optimally, mainly because they hold large investments and thus selling may lower the price and further increase any potential loss. Woidtke (2002)18 concluded by comparing the relative value of firms held for public versus private pension fund that relative firm value is positively related to private pension fund ownership and negatively related to (activist) public pension fund ownership. These results supported the view that the actions of public pension fund managers might be motivated more by political or social influences than by firm performance. Ashraf and Jayaman (2007)19 examined mutual funds trading behavior after the release of voting records. The study found that funds that support shareholder proposals reduce holdings after the release of voting records. Since the time of releasing voting records could be very far from the shareholder meeting date, mutual funds trading behavior after the release of voting records may be unrelated to the votes cast in the meeting. Dahlquist et al. (2003)20 analyzed foreign ownership and firm characteristics for the Swedish market. The study found that foreigners have greater presence in large firms, firms paying low dividends and in firms with large cash holdings and explained that firm size is driven by liquidity. It reiterated that foreigners tend to underweight the firms with a dominant owner. Leuz, Nanda and Wysocki (2003)21 asserted that the information problems cause foreigners to hold fewer assets in firms. Firm level characteristics can be expected to contribute to the information asymmetry problems. Concentrated family control makes it more likely that information is communicated via private channels. Informative insiders have incentives to hide the benefits from outside investors by providing opaque financial statements and managing earnings. Haw, Hu, Hwang and Wu (2004)22 found that firm level factors cause information asymmetry problems to FII. It found evidence that US investment is lower in firms where managers do not have effective control. Foreign investment in firms that appear to engage in more earnings management is lower in countries with poor information framework. Choe, Kho, Stulz (2005)23 found that US investors do indeed hold fewer shares in firms with ownership structures that are more conducive to expropriation by controlling insiders. In companies where insiders are dominating information access and availability to the shareholders will be limited. With less information, foreign investors face an adverse selection problem. So they under invest in such stocks. Covirg et al. (2008)24 concluded that foreign fund managers have less information about the domestic stocks than the domestic fund managers. They found that ownership by foreign funds is related to size of foreign sales, index memberships and stocks with foreign listing. Leuz, Lins, and Warnock (2009)25 found that foreign institutional investors prefer to invest in firms with â€Å"better† governance practices. This literature assumes that firm level corporate governance mechanisms substitute for weak country level legal protections of minority shareholders. Aggarwal, Klapper and Wysocki (2005)26 found that U.S. mutual funds tend to invest greater amounts in countries with stronger shareholder rights and legal frameworks (controlling for the countrys economic development). In addition, within the countries, the mutual funds also discriminate on the basis of governance in that they allocate more of their assets to firms with better corporate governance structures. Resume After reviewing the literature on the above sub-section, it is concluded that the results are inconclusive regarding the association between institutional holdings and corporate governance as some studies invariably support the hypothesis that institutional holdings and corporate governance are significantly related while the others reject it. But the results are uniform on one issue that there is positive relation between the foreign institutional holdings and corporate governance as foreign institutional investors are relatively more concerned about the governance practices of companies and countries as well. They prefer to invest more in the countries with stronger shareholder rights and legal frameworks. Similarly, they do invest in the companies with good disclosure and transparency measures. A group of studies contend that institutional investors consider governance practices of companies as an important consideration for investment decision. They not only care for financial performance of target companies, but also put great emphasis on the board practices. They are ready to pay premium for good governance. Institutional investors can put pressure on firms improve their governance practices if they have substantial stake in the target companies and do not have business relations with them. Moreover, if they dont involve themselves actively in governance but only vote with their feet it serves as a deterrent for the management in practicing bad governance. As it will send bad signal to the stock market leading to further decline in the stock prices and may be changing the shareholder base from dynamic institutional investors with long-term focus to myopic investors. Whereas in other studies, it has been observed that institutional investors prefer to remain passive and concentrate on their own business objectives, rather than look into the governance practices of companies. They do not involve themselves actively in the governance of firms for variety of reasons as short-term performance measurement, business relationships, regulatory environment, information processing limitations, free-rider problem etc. Moreover, they may not be interested in selling the shares of poor firms as they have large holdings and selling may aggravate their potential loss. 2.2 Institutional Holdings and Firm Performance Pound (1988)27 explored the influence of institutional ownerships on firm performance and proposed three hypotheses on the relation between institutional shareholders and firm performance: efficient-monitoring hypothesis, conflict-of-interest hypothesis, and strategic-alignment hypothesis. The efficient-monitoring hypothesis says that institutional investors have greater expertise and can monitor management at lower cost than the small atomistic shareholders. Consequently, this argument predicts a positive relationship between institutional shareholding and firm performance. The conflict-of-interest proposition suggests that in view of other profitable business relationships with the firm, institutional investors are coerced into voting their shares with management. The strategic-alignment hypothesis states that institutional owners and managers find it mutually advantageous to cooperate. Holderness and Sheehan (1988)28 found that for a sample of 114 US firms controlled by a majority shareholder with more than 50% of shares, both Tobins Q and accounting profits are significantly lower for firms with individual majority owners than for firms with corporate majority owners. Hermalin and Weisbach (1988)29 further stated that the managerial ownership is positively related to performance between 0-1% of managerial ownership, negatively related thereafter up to 5%, and again positively related from 5-20% and negatively related thereafter. Boardman and Vining (1989)30 compared the performance of state owned enterprises, joint enterprises, and private corporations among the 500 largest non-US industrial firms, and found that mixed enterprises and state owned enterprises perform substantially worse than similar private enterprises. McConnell and Servaes (1990)31 found a strong positive relationship between the value of the firm and the fraction of shares held by institutional investors. They found that performance increases significantly with institutional ownership. Han and Suk (1998)32 found (for a sample of US firms) that stock returns are positively related to ownership by institutional investors, thus implying that these corporate owners are actively involved in the monitoring of incumbent management. They also found that alignment effect dominates if the managers own up to 41.8% of the share capital. They further evidenced that beyond the limit of 41.8%, the mangers are able to control the Board of directors and so the entrenchment effect dominates the alignment effect. Majumdar and Nagarajan (1994)33 found that levels of institutional investment are positively related to the current performance levels of firms. However, a less-stronger, though positive, effect is established between changes in performance levels and changes in institutional ownership. The results are based on a study investigating U.S. institutional investors investment strategy. Bethel et al. (1998)34 consistent with the view that market for partial corporate control identifies and rectifies problems of poor corporate performance, found that activist investors typically target poorly performing and diversified firms for block share purchases, and thereby assert disciplinary effect on target companies plans in mergers and acquisitions. Douma, Rejie and Kabir (2006)35 investigated the impact of foreign institutional investment on the performance of emerging market firms and found that there is positive effect of foreign ownership on firm performance. They also found impact of foreign investment on the business group affiliation of firms. Investor protection is poor in case of firms with controlling shareholders who have ability to expropriate assets. The block shareholders affect the value of the firm and influence the private benefits they receive from the firm. Companies with such shareholders find it expensive to raise external funds. Bhattacharya and Graham (2007)36 investigated the relationship between different classes of institutional investors (pressure-sensitive and pressure-resistant) and firm performance in Finland. It documented evidence that these institutional owners own stakes in multiple firms across industries, leading to a possible two-way causality or endogenous problem between firm performance and ownership structure. It was also evidenced that institutional investors with likely investment and business ties with firms have negative effect on firm performance and the impact is very significant in comparison to the negative effect of firm performance on institutional ownership. Wiwattanakantang (2001)37 investigated the effects of controlling shareholders on corporate performance and found that presence of controlling shareholders is associated with higher performance, when measured by accounting measures such as return on assets and the sales-asset ratio. However, the controlling shareholders involvement in management has a negative effect on the performance and it is more pronounced when the controlling shareholder and managers ownership is at the 25-50 percent. The evidence also revealed that family controlled firms display significantly higher performance. Foreign controlled firms as well as firms with more than one controlling shareholder also have higher return on assets, relative to firms with no controlling shareholder. Abdul Wahab et al. (2007)38 examined the relationship between corporate governance structures, institutional ownership and firm performance for 440 Bursa Malaysia listed firms from 1999 to 2002 and found that institutional investors have a positive impact on firms corporate governance practices. Qiet et al. (2000)39 found that firm performance is positively related to the proportion of shares owned by the state. In addition, they found little evidence in support of a positive correlation between corporate performance and the proportion of tradable shares owned by either domestic or foreign investors. Wahal (1996)40 observed that although institutional investors, particularly, activist institutions, have been successful in their efforts to affect the governance of targeted firms, these same firms have not demonstrated performance improvements. Studies examining the relationship between institutional holdings and firm performance in different countries (mainly OECD countries) have produced mixed results. Chaganti and Damanpour (1991)41 and Lowenstein (1991)42, for instance, find little evidence that institutional ownership is correlated with firm performance. Seifert, Gonenc and Wright (2005)43 study does not find a consistent relationship across countries. They conclude that their inconsistent results may reflect the fact that the influence of institutional investors on firm performance is location specific. The above studies generally consider institutional investors as a monolithic group. However, Shleifer and Vishnys (1997)44 as well as Pounds (1988)45 theorizations and later empirical examinations by McConnell and Servaes (1990)46 suggest that shareholders are differentiable and pursue different agendas. Jensen and Merkling (1976)47 also show that equity ownerships by different groups have different effects on the firm performance. Agrawal and Knoeber (1996)48, Duggal and Miller (1999)49 find no such significant relation between institutional holdings and firm performance. Resume Various studies on relationship between institutional holdings and firm performance have been reviewed in the above sub-section and the results are mixed. Different researchers have taken different performance measures as some of them have considered accounting measures but others have taken stock market indicators.Some of the observations contend that institutional investors are more expert in monitoring the affairs of companies as compared to individual investors; their holdings improve the financial performance of target companies. The results are more significant, where managers also have some ownership stake so as to have alignment effect. Moreover, if their stake is substantial, they can also assert disciplinary action against the poorly performing firms. Similarly, foreign institutional investors have also positive impact on the firm performance. But the results of other observations state otherwise. They state that if institutional investors have business ties with the firms, they would go along with the management and it may have negative impact on the firm performance. The studies have revealed out an interesting observation that Institutional holdings have positive effect on firm performance but their active involvement in management has negative effect. Some of the observations state that institutional investors may have significant impact on the governance practices of companies but do not improve financial performance. 2.3 Corporate Governance and Firm Performance Lipton and Lorsch (1992)50 found that limiting board size improves firm performance because the benefits by larger boards of increased monitoring are outweighed by the poorer communication and decision-making of larger groups. Millstein and MacAvoy (1998)51 studied 154 large publicly traded US corporations over a five-year period and found that corporations with active and independent boards appear to have performed much better in the 1990s than those with passive, non-independent boards. Eisenberg et al. (1998)52 found negative correlation between board size and profitability when using sample of small and midsize Finnish firms, which suggests that board-size effects can exist even when there is less separation of ownership and control in these smaller firms. Vafeas (1999)53 found that the annual number of board meeting increases following share price declines and operating performance of firms improves following years of increased board meetings. This suggests meeting frequency is an important dimension of an effective board. Core, Holthausen and Larcker (1999)54 observed that CEO compensation is lower when the CEO and board chair positions are separate. It is further shown that firms are more valuable when the CEO and board chair positions are separate. Botosan and Plumlee (2001)55 found a material effect of expensing stock options on return on assets. They used Fortunes list of the 100 fastest growing companies and obtained the effect of expensing stock options on firms operating performance. Morgan and Poulsen (2001)56 found that pay-for-performance plan generally helps to reduce agency problems in the firm as the votes approving the plan are positively related to firms that have high investment or high growth opportunities. On the other hand, votes approving the plan are inversely related to negative features in some of the plans such as dilution of shareholder stakes. Mitton (2002)57 examined the stock performance of a sample of listed companies from Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand. It reported that performance is better in firms with higher accounting disclosure quality (proxied by the use of Big Six auditors) and higher outside ownership concentration. This provides firm-level evidence consistent with the view that corporate governance helps explain firm performance during a financial crisis. Claessens et al. (2002b)58 observed that firm value increases with the cash-flow ownership (right to receive dividends) of the largest and controlling shareholder, consistent with â€Å"incentive† effects. But when the control rights (arising from pyramid structure, cross-holding and dual-class shares) of the controlling shareholder exceed its cash-flow rights, firm value falls, which is consistent with â€Å"entrenchment† effects. Deutsche Bank AG (2004a and 2004b)59 explored the implications of corporate governance for portfolio management and concluded that corporate governance standards are an important component of equity risk. Their analysis also showed that for South Africa, Eastern Europe, and the Middle East, the performance differential favored those companies with stronger corporate governance. Fich and Shivdasani (2004)60 based on Fortune 1000 firms, asserted that firms with director stock option plans have higher market to book ratios, higher profitability (as proxied by operating return on assets, return on sales and asset turnover), and they document a positive stock market reaction when firms announce stock option plans for their directors. Gompers et al. (2003)61 examined the ways in which shareholder rights vary across firms. They constructed a ‘Governance Index to proxy for the level of shareholder rights in approximately 1500 large firms during the 1990s. An investment strategy that bought firms in the lowest decile of the index (strongest rights) and sold firms in the highest decile of the index (weakest rights) would have earned abnormal returns of 8.5% per year during the sample period. They found that firms with stronger shareholder rights had higher firm value, higher profits, higher sales growth, lower capital expenditures, and made fewer corporate acquisitions. Brown, Robinson and Caylor (2004)62 created a broad measure of corporate governance, Gov-Score, based on a new dataset provided by Institutional Shareholder Services. Gov-Score is a composite meas